[9] It is located at the North-Western corner of Raj Bhavan, and served as the Anglican Cathedral of Calcutta till 1847, when the see was transferred to St. Paul's Cathedral. As a result, a peace treaty was signed between Shaista Khan and Charnock on 16 August 1687. Such unions between Europeans, English, French and Portuguese, and local women, both Hindu and Muslim, were common throughout the 18th century in Calcutta, and are the origin of the city's substantial Anglo-Indian (or Eurasian) community today: by the early 19th century, however, increasing racial intolerance made marriages of this kind much rarer. The city’s significance can be gauged from the fact that it was the capital of the British Indian Empire. There he remained with his soldiers in an utterly inhospitable place full of mosquitoes, snakes and tigers. This also fostered the Bengal Renaissance,[citation needed] an awakening of modern liberal thinking in 19th century Bengal, and which gradually percolated to the rest of India. Moreover, before the coming of the English, three local villages—Sutanati, Kalikata, and Gobindapore, which were later to become parts of Calcutta—had been chosen as places to settle by Indian merchants who had migrated from the silted-up port of Satgaon, farther upstream. Thus, British imperialism began in India with the conquest of Bengal, a game in which a main pawn was the great city of Calcutta. The intense violence caused during the partition of India led to a shift in demographics in Bengal, and especially Kolkata; large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus arrived to take their place. His residence in Hooghly was secured with soldiers obtained from Madras. Enraged with this situation and determined to establish their authority, the company requested King James II in 1685 to permit the use of force against the Emperor's army to settle the matter. After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, lawlessness prevailed in Punjab. Don't worry! In 1985 Rajiv Gandhi referred to Calcutta as a "dying city" because of the social and political traumas. Why did Siraj-ud-Daulah attack Calcutta in 1756? Gandhi was part of … The reason… The EIC would be forced out of India, unless something changed; 8 Robert Clive Conquers India(See pages 34-38 for In the next year, Ibrahim Khan sent the order from the Emperor to Mr. Charnock which allowed unrestricted trade without paying any other taxes except the usual 3,000 rupees. This was accompanied by the development of a culture that fused European philosophies with Indian tradition. 2 When the Marathas from the southwest began incursions against the Mughals in the western districts of Bengal in 1742, the English obtained permission from ʿAlī Vardī Khan, the nawab (ruler) of Bengal, to dig an entrenchment in the northern and eastern part of the town to form a moat on the land side. In 1698 the English obtained letters patent that granted them the privilege of purchasing the zamindari right (the right of revenue collection; in effect, the ownership) of the three villages. Having installed Manikchand as the ruler of Alinagar, Siraj returned to Murshidabad. The servants of the company, who asked for permission to fortify their trading post, or factory, were given permission in general terms to defend themselves. The British refused to do so. The shift of capital agitated the British traders, who at that time were all based out of Calcutta. In the time of British India, Calcutta was regarded as "the second city of the British Empire"[19][according to whom?] In 1764 he had been appointed collector of Burdwan in place of Warren Hastings, which resulted in a long-standing enmity between the two men. One thousand British settlers evacuated, including the military commanders, leaving one hundred or so behind. Ibrahim Khan allowed them to protect their own factories, but did not allow any fortification explicitly. However, the valour of the Mughals came to an end, with the death of its last powerful emperor, Aurangzeb, in 1707 A.D. Moreover, the invasion of Nadir Shah (1738-39) was the last nail on the coffin, exposing the vulnerability of the Mughal authority. In 1698, the Company bought three villages (Sutanuti, Kalikata and Gobindapur) from a local landlord family of Sabarna Roy Choudhury. Why did calcutta rise under british? At this time the governor asked them to return and settle at Hooghly, ordered them not to build any structure at Sutanuti and asked Charnock to pay a large sum of money for compensation. He reached Balasore on 29 November, pounded and destroyed the town including their own factory and released some English prisoners from the Governor's prison. He proudly replied ", This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 03:27. The former was marked by growing tension between the Congress Party, the main Indian nationalist organization with a base mostly (but not exclusively) among the Hindu population of the country, and the Muslim League, the main organization representative of the Muslim minority, which comprised almost 25% of India’s population. The Governor's troops did not bother them there since they knew the Company would not be able to survive long there. Unfortunately the plan went awry; some of the ships, due to the change in current and wind, arrived at Hooghly instead of Chittagong and anchored off the factory in Hooghly after being joined by their Madras troops. Gobindapore was cleared of its forests, and the new Fort William was built on its present site, overlooking the Hugli at Calcutta, where it became the symbol of British military ascendancy. It is the third oldest church in the city, next to the Armenian and the Old Mission Church. The renaming of cities in India started in 1947 following the end of the British imperial period.Several changes were controversial, and not all proposed changes were implemented. Kali rises in the East Painted and gilded clay figure of Kali striding over Shiva, Bengal, Eastern India, late 19th century. Other societies based on nationalist or religious thoughts were started, like the Hindu Mela. At this time their ships in Bengal required extensive repairs and the remainder of their fleet were considered in danger. Ask your question. These three villages were bought by the British from the local land lords. By the mid-18th century, three "Presidency towns": Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta had grown in size. Growth of the city In 1717 the Mughal emperor Farrukh-Siyar granted the East India Company freedom of trade in return for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees; this arrangement gave a great impetus to the growth of Calcutta. In 1858, British Crown rule was established in India, ending a century of control by the East India Company. While he was returning to Delhi, Englishmen sent with him a request to the Emperor to obtain a special firman to do business forever in Bengal; the Emperor was pleased to provide them the Firman and the occasion was celebrated with a 300 gun salute at Hooghly. Hearing the news, Siraj ud-Daula moved to attack Calcutta, but fearing an attack from Ahmad Shah Abdali, after a few days of war he signed the Treaty of Alinagar with the East India Company, giving them permission to build the fort. Although Siraj ud-Daula conceded temporary defeat in the Pact of Alinagar, he once again began scheming with the French against the British. However the peace was broken again when some Company troops misbehaved with Shaista Khan's troops in Hooghly on 28 October 1686 for which the former were severely beaten by the latter. The British EIC had Bombay, Calcutta and Madras and at first the British did not want more land. Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757-1857) SOCIAL SCIENCE Notes viewed the rise of the Sikhs as a potential threat. By this time Aurangzeb was camping at Visapur and was much aware of the fact that he was losing revenues from the Company trade and the Company ships could cause him much trouble by stopping the pilgrimage to Mecca since they controlled the sea-route. To protect their trade in Bengal, the original East India Company requested to build a fort in the mouth of Hooghly or on its banks. The nawab was defeated shortly afterward at Plassey (June 1757), after which British rule in Bengal was assured. Still, the British refused to stop building. Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta in English, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The first native president of the Indian National Congress was Sir Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee and he was also the first Congress president to advocate self-rule by Indians, Sir Surendra Nath Banerjea (referred to by the British as "Surrender Not") were early eminent Calcuttans, who provoked and influenced nationalist thinking in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the primary reasons for this move was because Calcutta had proven to be a breeding ground for revolution against the British Empire’s rule over India. How did the empire become so wildly successful at expanding? With his back to the wall, Charnock was desperately willing to negotiate with Shaista Khan to get out of this mess. This conference heralded the birth of The Indian National Congress. The bedrock of the Mughal empire was laid in 1526 by Zahiruddin Babur. ", St. John's Church, originally a cathedral, was among the first public buildings erected by the East India Company after Kolkata became the effective capital of Company rule in India. He was the co-founder of the Indian National Army and the head of state of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind, formed to counter and combat the British Raj in India. Some years later they began to strengthen the defences against the French. Kolkata is also noted for its revolutionary history, ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to the leftist Naxalite and trade-union movements. [14] Five years after this incident, in 1780, relations between Warren Hastings and Philip Francis deteriorated to such an extent that the two fought a duel in the grounds of Belvedere (now the National Library) on the road to the suburb of Alipore. Others note the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past. When the Seven Years' War broke out, owing to their constant rivalry with the French, and the fall of Madras to the forces of Dupleix, early in 1756 the British authorities in Calcutta began repairs to the fortifications of old Fort William, which were extremely decayed. Enraged still further when the British granted asylum to one Krishnaballav, who had embezzled money from the dewani of Dhaka, Siraj ud-Daula first attacked and captured Cossimbazar (taking as hostage William Watts and Begum Johnson), and then Calcutta, which fell after a short siege on 20 June 1756, during which the governor and many other officials escaped down the Hooghly River, leaving the remainder of the garrison and the Eurasian population of Calcutta to their fate. They left Balasore on 13 December for Chittagong, reached there on 17 December, found the Governor's fortification too strong to destroy and decided to wait until his demands are answered by the governor. However a truce was again obtained between Mr. Charnock and the local Foujidar, and the English were allowed to put saltpetre on board their ships. The history of Kolkata as a British settlement, known to the British as Calcutta, dates from the establishment of a trading post there by Job Charnock, an agent of the English East India Company, in 1690. The British took advantage of this and the First Anglo-Sikh War broke Also at this time, nobles such as Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Rai Durlav, Omichand and Rajballav were plotting against Siraj ud-Daula (a principal reason being the Nawab's arrogance, well attested to in contemporary sources)[8] and they invited Clive to take part in their plans. As Dr. R. C. Majumdar stated in An Advanced History of India, "The Battle of Plassey may be truly said to have decided the fate of the French in India. Construction of the building, modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields of London,[10] started in 1784, with Rs 30,000 raised through a public lottery,[11] and was completed in 1787. According to Indian Congress leader Shashi Tharoor, India was once one of the wealthiest countries in the world — and then the British showed up. Delhi in all aspects provided a haven totally under the British control. The British East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. Whilst this matter was still awaiting investigation Nanda Kumar was indicted for forgery of a deed, condemned and executed. The Elgin Road residence of Subhas Chandra Bose in Calcutta was the place from where he escaped the British to reach Germany during the Second World War. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The British East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. In anticipation of a war with the French, who had a trading settlement in Chandemagore, the British began to fortify Calcutta. In 1765, after defeating the next Nawab, Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal Emperor at the Battle of Buxar, there was no one to stand in the way of the British and their dominance in North India. During 1638, Shah Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace, and in return, the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and Hooghly, Bengal in addition to Pipili, Odisha.[3]. Join now. The three villages, in particular Kalikata, where Calcutta is located, came into the possession of the British East India Company in 1690 and some scholars like to date its beginnings as a major city from the construction of Fort William by the British in 1698, though this is debated (see the court ruling in "Name and origins" above). Although it was not completed to the southern end of the settlement, it marked the city’s eastern boundary. In the mid-1980s, Bombay overtook Calcutta as India's most populous city. The prestigious University of the Punjab, also in Lahore, was the fourth university established by the colonials in South Asia, in the year 1882. Secondary School. This offended the new Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daula, who succeeded his grandfather in the capital of Murshidabad in 1756, when he was in his twenties. The lessons learnt there were profitably applied in Bengal. There were three large villages along the east bank of the river Ganges, named, Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Kalikata. The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra, and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there. Francis was severely wounded, but Hastings escaped unscathed.[15]. The rebels were easily crushed by the Mughal government, but the settlers’ defensive structure of brick and mud remained and came to be known as Fort William. But even after seventy years of Independence there is Champaran everywhere in India. The river at this point was also wide and deep; the only disadvantage was that the marshes to the east and swamps within the area made the spot unhealthy. The British established the Government College University in Lahore, of present-day Pakistan in 1864. Located on the banks of the Hooghly River, this was a very important city under British rule. [22] Kolkata received millions of refugees from what became East Pakistan without receiving substantial assistance from the central government. The British Joint Stock Company, as it was known earlier, was founded by John Watts and George White for trade with Asian nations in the south and south-east. Captain John Powell landed in Barbados in 1625 and claimed the island as a British Caribbean colony. In 1750, Calcutta had a population of 120,000. Log in. By 1696, when a rebellion broke out in the nearby district of Burdwan, the Mughal provincial administration had become friendly to the growing settlement. Contemporary memoirs such as those of William Hickey record the consumption of enormous meals, washed down by copious quantities of claret, port, madeira and other wines, followed by the smoking of Hookahs. [27][28], The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. These documents tell the story of how the English were severely beaten and wiped out from Bengal several times by the forces of the Mughal Emperor and how each time they came back to Bengal to continue their trade. Government of West Bengal, Trillin, Calvin. Warehouses in Visakhapatnam were destroyed and many English men were captured and put to death. The farmer misunderstood due to language problems and thought that he was referring as to when he harvested his paddy. While not in a position to fight against the Governor's troops, two Company agents were sent to Dhaka to plead to the governor to allow them to return to Sutanuti and build a fort there. Calcutta's intellectual life received a great boost in 1784 with the foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Sir William Jones, with the encouragement of Warren Hastings, himself no mean Oriental scholar. Shaista Khan retired from his duty as governor in ca 1689 and Ibrahim Khan was appointed as the new governor of Bengal by Emperor Aurangzeb. The site was apparently carefully selected, being protected by the Hugli (Hooghly) River on the west, a creek to the north, and salt lakes to the east. The British gained strength in the region as the Mughal empire weakened. British raj, period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent following the uprising of 1857 and the abolition of the East India Company’s role in managing the region. The beginnings of British political sway over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company’s forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. At the same time their saltpetre trade was disrupted by another rival English company. 1858: Beginning of the Raj. There were just over 11 million acres in cultivation in 1914 (in England and Wales). The rent-roll of Akbar, the 16th century Mughal emperor, and the work of a Bengali poet, Bipradas Pipilai, of the late 15th century, both make mention of the city's early name's being Kolikata, from which Kolkata/Calcutta derive.[4]. The Black Hole of Calcutta was a small prison in Fort William, India, and became the site of a tragedy where many British prisoners supposedly died on the evening of 20 June 1756. 1612–1757, the East India Company set up "factories" (trading posts) in several locations in India, with the consent of the Moghul emperors or local rulers.Its rivals were the merchant trading companies of Holland and France. The British Empire was one of the largest colonial empires in history, which is a masterful feat, given the country's comparatively small size. Siraj-ud-Daulah ordered the British to pay taxes to him like all other Indian merchants. This is the first time English soldiers came on the soil of Bengal. In this situation they considered that they would be extremely fortunate if they could hold their current position instead of their desires on Chittagong and for this matter they decided to ask forgiveness from the Emperor and requested to reinstate the previously obtained Firman. Furthermore, Nanda Kumar was a Brahman, and his hanging caused widespread dismay and outrage in Calcutta. Log in. Many distinguished scholars, English and Bengali, such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke, James Prinsep and Pandit Radhakanta Sarman would grace the society's meetings and publications over the following century, vastly enriching knowledge of India's culture and past.[18]. During the rule of the emperor Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707), the English East India Company was permitted to establish its base at Calcutta ( Kolkata ). Charnock arrived at Uluberia, started making a dock there, however soon started to dislike the place and wanted to return to Sutanuti. Historically, Calcutta was the centre of activity in the early stages of the national movement of independence. Answered Why did calcutta rise under british? Clive seized on this plan to get rid of two enemies at once. The British Joint Stock Company, as it was known earlier, was founded by John Watts and George White for trade with Asian nations in the south and south-east. But subsequent to the war, and the Rana policy of appeasement, it did not need to intervene militarily to secure that either. The Changing Face of Calcutta: An Architectural Approach. This angered the young nawab. They also used the wealth of Bengal to defeat the French. Calcutta became plagued by power outages, labor unrest, disappearing industry, and violence from the Naxalite movement. Some Englishmen prospered significantly under the EIC and returned to Britain with great wealth, which allowed them to establish sprawling estates, create lucrative business, and gain political power. The city has also experienced a growth in the manufacturing sector. Poverty existed in India before the British, thanks in part to constant war, food shortages, and the caste system, but in general Indian society took care of everyone. However, the Firman was vague in many aspects and soon disputes started to grow between the English and the governor. Ask your question. Revolutionary organisations like the Jugantar and the Anushilan Samiti were formed with the goal of using force against the British rulers. The servants of the company, under the company’s flag, carried on a duty-free private trade. The Calcutta Municipal corporation (now renamed Kolkata Municipal Corporation) was formed and the city had its first mayor. This movement is sometimes also called the Indian Mutiny, although recent evidence goes against using this name and suggests "The Revolt of 1857" as a better and less controversial choice. Shaista Khan allowed them to remain in Bengal, however to be limited only to Uluberia, a small town on the bank of river Hooghly south of Sutanuti, where they were allowed to make a port and do business from there, but their war ships were strictly not allowed to enter Hooghly. This was especially true in the old bases of British trade, such as Calcutta, Madras or Bombay, where a new Indian intelligentsia had begun to take root. Shaista Khan was appointed as the governor of Bengal in around 1664 by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and was relieved upon his request in around 1682. The East India Company chose the place for a trade settlement. Another incident with the Faujdar of Cossimbazar resulted in altercations between the Governor of Bengal and the company causing their ships to leave Bengal without obtaining cargo. Soon (on 2 January 1757) Watson and Robert Clive retook Calcutta with a force of company sepoys and the assistance of the Royal Navy. The institution was initially affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. About the same time, the British Parliament began regulating the East India Company through successive India Acts , bringing Bengal under the indirect control of the British government. From 1912 to India's Independence in 1947, it was the capital of all of Bengal. When Madras fell to Dupleix, the British were still able to direct the war from another of their strongholds, Calcutta. Now the national song of the nation, it is an ode to the land of Bharat (India) as the Divine Mother, "Vande Mataram.". Join now. Renamed Netaji by poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore, he is regarded by many as perhaps the most prominent and influential freedom fighter in Indian history and is venerated in many Bengali households even today. There was a strong suspicion that the charges had been invented by Hastings, and that he had put pressure on the judges to pass sentence of death. When the Mughal officials, not wishing to lose what they had gained from the English company’s commerce, permitted Charnock to return once more, he chose Calcutta as the seat of his operations. The 282-year-long period of the British domination in Bombay ended after India's Independence in 1947. ", Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The illustrated history of the British empire in India and the East vol 3", "Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC Says city has no foundation day", "Kolkata: Heritage Tour: Religious Buildings: St. John's Church", "Remarks by U.S. Consul General Henry V. Jardine for the Bharat Chamber Of Commerce", Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy, Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School, B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. 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